Business Letter And Literature Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Business Letter And Literature Summary - Essay Example Finally, on all your future travels with us, kindly expect the best kind of service that only Virgin Atlantic could offer. Once again, we sincerely apologize for the inconveniences that we have caused you on board our flight from Mumbai to Heathrow. Also, we would like to thank you once again for your continued patronage to Virgin Atlantic and for helping us point out the problems with respect to our services so that we can ensure the betterment thereof, to provide only the best service to our loyal customers like you. Thank you very much and Good Day! Sincerely Yours, _________________________ Marketing Manager Virgin Atlantic Introduction Studies conducted with respect to customer retention have focused on the manner by which the customers respond once the issue of service failures has become an important aspect thereof (Zemke 1995). Parenthetically, researches that have been conducted in relation to this topic have highlighted the importance of the so-called â€Å"mutual exchange and fulfillment of promises (Yockel 1997; Zemke 1995).† Evidently, the latter is considered as the primary basis that underscores service relationships. Service recovery is thus deemed necessary most especially when the manner by which a corporation delivers a particular service tends to go wrong (Nguyen 2006). In a nutshell, service recovery has been referred to as that effort of the company aimed towards providing the customers and the clients with the outcome they desire even though the latter has already experienced a failure in the previous delivery (Young and Burgess 2010; Yockel 1997). Service recovery is also concerned with the adoption of pertinent steps and measures to prevent the commission of the same mistake (Nguyen 2006;... Studies conducted with respect to customer retention have focused on the manner by which the customers respond once the issue of service failures has become an important aspect thereof (Zemke 1995). Parenthetically, researches that have been conducted in relation to this topic have highlighted the importance of the so-called â€Å"mutual exchange and fulfillment of promises (Yockel 1997; Zemke 1995).† Evidently, the latter is considered as the primary basis that underscores service relationships. Service recovery is thus deemed necessary most especially when the manner by which a corporation delivers a particular service tends to go wrong (Nguyen 2006). In a nutshell, service recovery has been referred to as that effort of the company aimed towards providing the customers and the clients with the outcome they desire even though the latter has already experienced a failure in the previous delivery (Young and Burgess 2010; Yockel 1997). Service recovery is also concerned with th e adoption of pertinent steps and measures to prevent the commission of the same mistake (Nguyen 2006; Osborne 2004; Tschohl 2005). It is then because of this that the importance of service recovery has been underscored in the field of service management and service marketing. Without a doubt, service recovery strategies are deemed of paramount importance in view of its ability to positively affect customer loyalty as the former somehow prevents the turnover of those who have been previously dissatisfied with the service provided

Internal Building Security Proposal Essay Example for Free

Internal Building Security Proposal Essay Internal Building Security Proposal Access Control is an important part of any business. Anytime a business is under construction it will be more vulnerable to threats and attacks. Construction will need more protection because of the ability to gain easier access to a building because of the open areas within the building. Certain areas in a building are a target for attacks. Some areas are higher risk because of the information or high-value assets within the building. Access Control is the best way to wing out some threats and minimize other threats. Each individual at an access point will have several types of protection such as gates, lighting, cameras, detectors, sensors and other devices that can check individuals thoroughly and make sure each one is authorized to be in the building. Keeping individuals out that have no authorization can lower threats and minimizes chances of damage occurring externally. Access control will work from the outside in to protect a business. Technology is continuing to get better and there are a lot more devices available that can enhance security and help assist the personnel when concerning responsibilities. Access control still needs the support of security personnel to make sure all the devices are functioning properly. Technology has to be maintained to run properly and do what it is designed to do. Access Control was created to keep unwanted individuals from entering a location and to prevent from any employees or personnel from leaving with any valuable information unnoticed. There are so many ways to access a building that any vulnerable areas may be threatened at some point. Access control helps to minimize the vulnerabilities and lower threats against a business. Construction on a building will leave certain areas vulnerable and will be more difficult to secure because of all the individuals coming from outside of the business to do a job. More people can mean more threats, this will need more protection. Some of the types of technology that are becoming popular for protection are wireless access points, cameras, sensors,  detectors, wands, and computers. Security personnel are using these devices to detect and deter crime in the work environment (University of Phoenix, 2008). Wireless Access points and surveillance are becoming more common because of the portability. It is more difficult to carry around a big computer for monitoring purposes and access control. A wireless computer is much more compact and lighter to carry around while handling the responsibilities of monitoring employees at an access point. A building will also have a way for security personnel to monitor different areas of the building by using cameras. A wireless computer can make it easier to monitor these different areas all in one area. Cameras will not take the place of security but can make it easier for security to cover more ground successfully and still be able to perform other duties. One advantage that cameras have is that as long as maintenance is kept up that cameras will run non-stop even when security is unavailable or just in a different location. Crime can still occur with security on patrol. Areas more vulnerable can use cameras to help catch any activity that seems out of place. In most instances cameras are only viewed when something has already occurred and can validate an individual’s where physical where about during a certain time period. Sensors are a growing trend at access points. Many industrial buildings will have products that employees will have contact with during a work day. A business will use sensors on products to keep track of the location, while in the building. One product may be received and shipped from one location to the next until the process is complete and ready to be shipped to another building. Sensors can also be caught at access points if individuals attempt to leave the building with a product without authorization. One device that can find such sensors is the detector. At several access points for employees’ detectors will be present and scanned over an individual to ensure that no sensors are found before leaving a building during lunch and after work hours. A wand is just one type of detector that will scan and have an alarm go off when it detects certain materials. Individuals will have to physically take anything out of their pockets and show that it is not a business product. Another type of detector is a full body detector that can detect different objects on a person without having to do a strip search. Computers is somet hing that is storing more data for a business and also it has the capability of doing other tasks  such as viewing camera feed during recording, and keeping track of authorization, cards, and keys for employees. At different access gates, a card will need scanning before entering. A computer can make sure that the card scanned at the gate is valid. A private intranet will hold information for a business about employees, customers, employers, and the business products and services. This type of device will have access points within the system. A computer will have a private server but is still running on the internet and can be hacked. Hackers will try and find ways to access the information and retrieve or damage it. A business can find ways to strengthen the access points into the private database and prevent hackers from accessing business information. A computer will have software, updates, passwords, and programs to protect intruders from hacking thedatabase without authorization. Computers need protection to prevent from damage. A system that has been hacked can corrupt the system and make it unusable. A way of protecting a system before it is damaged is having a back-up system. If the system is destroyed the back-up can make a business more prepared for any threats or damage to restore the system back to normal (University of Phoenix, 2011). A business will have certain areas that contain more vital information or equipment that can be threatened by construction. Areas that are more high-value need more layers of protection against any threats. Data of a business will contain information such as customer records which will have information, such as where they live, telephone numbers, full names, social security numbers and more which can be used to commit other crimes such as fraud. High-value areas are more vulnerable because the amount of damage that can be done will cost more than in other areas of the building. For instance, bathrooms of a facility will have little to no products and are less of a risk than an office. So the security will focus more on offices because of the amount of value. Some areas may only include security cameras for monitoring an area. A big high-value area could include the main power room. This area can cause damage to not only the building but also to the equipment. The main power room may have heavier walls, more cameras, passwords, security personnel, and other types of protection. There are several considerations that should be kept in mind such as who can access the room, who will be working in a room that is in the high-value areas? High-value rooms will be threatened  normally both internally and externally. If a construction area is near anything high-value at a business, extra precautions may be taken to make sure the area is secure from both types of threats. Internal building security is important to have for every business to protect the business. A business has many assets that are unable to protect themselves. Security personnel are hired to protect the business, the people, and the environment. In a new building security will be less effective because of financial status and experience with threats. The type of threats will vary and the only way to avoid vulnerabilities is attempting to use other existing buildings methods when concerning access control, surveillance, and the protection of high-value areas. A business has to prepare for threats before they occur and then deal with new ones as they arise if there is no prior experience with the type of threat. For example, hackers are always finding ways to hack a system. No code or encryption that is created is identical and all the programs and software in the world can protect a business from all threats. A business needs constant management to evolve with society and the new changes. Taking advantage of new technologies will improve the chance of success for both the business and security. References University of Phoenix. (2008). Design and Evaluation of Physical Protection and Systems.

My Lai Massacre :: essays papers

My Lai On March 16, 1968, "Charlie Company" was sent into a small Viet Cong village called (by the U.S.) My Lai 4. Their instructions by commanding officers were: "... kill every man, woman, child and animal in the village. Burn all the homes .... nothing should be walking, growing or crawling." Orders were followed, and as I read the first 65 pages of this book, I was exposed to the detailed death of 306 civilians, mostly women, small children, and old people. There was no threat to any American GIs ... there were no Viet Cong Solders in the area. I read of the rape of a 14 year old girl by twenty GIs ... in front of the parents. They were all shot after the GIs were "done with their business." This was only one of many. Most of the murders were conducted, BY ORDER OF OFFICERS, to round-up the families from their homes, forced into ditches, and shot. Women dove to cover their children. Later, children just old enough to walk crawled out from under their mutilated mothers' bodies, only to be shot as target practice by the GIs. It is later estimated that approximately 500 civilians were murdered, and (probably) no VC were in the area. I could go into detail about the killing. However, most of the book was devoted to the time before the massacre, and afterward. The officers and GIs of "Charlie Company" were introduced in the beginning of the book: the officers had been social outcasts all their life (LT. Calley & Medina). Both had decided to devote their life to the military. The GIs were selected for "Charlie Company" specifically because they had all scored too low on the initial exam to be put into a regular battalions. After the massacre, nothing was done. As a matter of fact, "Charlie Company" was praised for having the "most kills" in one day. By late 1969, most of the GIs in Charlie Company were civilians again, and a few began to tell what they had seen (and participated in). A Government Investigation was called against Lt. Calley (who ordered, and participated in the murders). Some of the photographs from the massacre were published. You wouldn't believe what the civilian response was! The overwhelming public response was to drop the charges; they thought that there was nothing wrong with the massacre, OR they didn't believe it really happened. As a matter of fact, Lt. Calley had become a hero as an AMERICAN! There was a hugely-supported

Bye Bye Brazil :: essays research papers

Summary I really enjoyed watching the film Bye, Bye Brazil. I found it to be amusing as well as heartbreaking. I loved Gypsy Lorde. His character had the charisma bordering that of a male chauvinist pig to that of a gentleman. I liked the way the director used symbolic images to get his point across to the audience. I think if I had not done research on the Internet for most of our assignments as well as reading the textbook, I would have found the movie very educational. I had no questions after watching the film. However, it did make me realize how the majority of cultures will assimilate during the process of change, losing a little if not the majority of their traditions that were establish decades ago. Bye, Bye Brazil (1980), a film by Carlos Diegues, tells a story about the struggle of two couples trying to find their dreams in a country, Brazil, that is being overcome by social changes and undergoing massive technological transformations. United by their dreams, the couples travel through the backlands of Brazil in a truck, to seek places where they can not only make a living, but also find their dreams. The insights gained in the course of the journey are insights of both acceptance and change. The main character, the accordionist Cico, starts by joining the Carnival Rolidei as means of breaking out of his suffocating town, and from his pre-determined course of life. The character Gypsy Lorde is portrayed as an ambitious and cynical manager without scruples who is reluctant to see the changes around him. Salome, Gypsy Lorde companion, is as cynical as he, but transmits an air of quiet resignation to the fact that things are changing, whether they like it or not. The fourth character Dasdo, Cico’s wife, is very plain looking compared to Salome, very quiet, and passive. Like Salome, Dasdo also quietly resigns to the fact things are changing but she also tries to give an array of hope that the Carnival will survive and prosper. Bye, Bye Brazil unites in its characters and situations the same elements, which are part of the many processes that are transforming Brazil. The carnival travels from poor town to another. You can see the surprise and disgust of the characters as they move from one part of Brazil to another. Finding that either the young have left behind their old for modernization or that the town people have been captivated by the magic and illusions presented by television.

Argumentative Essay

I believe the novel is a far superior experience In comparison to the movie. The Outsiders gives you a better insight Into the characters thoughts and feelings. As the reader, you also gain knowledge through foreshadowing and flashbacks, which Is not hinted In the movie. In addition to the written literary elements, the novel Is described In great detail and gives you a deeper understanding of It. One major advantage of reading a novel rather than watching a movie Is that you get a much better view of how each character feels and their thoughts.For example, In the novel, The Outsiders, the narrator gives readers tremendous Insight Into pony's emotions, feelings, and thoughts. You understand his great fear of the Soc and why Johnny always carries a switchblade with him for protection. The reader learns how Pony feels about the gang and why he believes he is different from the rest. During the time Johnny and Pony are at the church, you also experience the emotions they both go through over Bob's death. When Dally and Johnny die you know exactly how Pony feels, creating a feeling of sympathy towards him.In addition to gaining a better perspective of the characters, the reader gains the effects of foreshadowing and flashbacks as well. The author foreshadows Dally death in the novel, hinting that he does not care if he dies, because Johnny was one of the few people he truly cared about. Flashbacks are also key points in the novel, The Outsiders. In the beginning, the flashback about how badly Johnny was beaten by the Soc explains why he fears them so much. Johnny also threatens to kill anyone who tries to jump him again, foreshadowing Bob Sheldon death.Other minor leasebacks, like Pony telling Cherry about Stopgap's horse Mackey Mouse, are not as important but gives you knowledge about the characters, one thing you do not see in the movie. Perhaps the most important factor is that the novel is much more descriptive than the movie. At the beginning of the novel ther e are very detailed descriptions of each character giving you a vivid idea of what they look like but also giving you the freedom to imagine them how you want. The novel also gives your Imagination control of how you think things should look like, whereas the movie does not.The efferent settings for The Outsiders are always explained In great detail helping you to picture the settings better. The author's descriptions give you Insight Into how they believed each character should look and what the settings are like, allowing you to picture exactly what the author was Imagining when they wrote the novel. In conclusion, I believe the novel, The Outsiders, Is much better than watching the movie. With the novel you understand the character's thoughts and how they feel and you learn even more about each character through literary elements and the author's descriptive writing.I believe the novel is a far superior experience in comparison to the movie. The Outsiders gives you a better insig ht into the characters thoughts and feelings. As the reader, you also gain knowledge through foreshadowing and flashbacks, which is not hinted in the movie. In addition to the written literary elements, the novel is described in great detail and gives you a deeper understanding of it. One major advantage of reading a novel rather than watching a movie is that you in the novel, The Outsiders, the narrator gives readers tremendous insight into Pony's emotions, feelings, and thoughts.You understand his great fear of the Soc effects of foreshadowing and flashbacks as well. The author foreshadows Dally who tries to Jump him again, foreshadowing Bob Sheldon death. Other minor freedom to imagine them how you want. The novel also gives your imagination different settings for The Outsiders are always explained in great detail helping you to picture the settings better. The author's descriptions give you insight into how they picture exactly what the author was imagining when they wrote the n ovel. In conclusion, I believe the novel. Argumentative Essay Arts The United States, as a whole, depends immensely on the development of arts programs, big or small. Americans need the sense of culture and social gathering, and what could possibly be better to do on a Friday night than hear the local orchestra play or catch the next town over's middle school production of The Wizard of Oz?The funding of arts departments In schools, colleges, and universities Is absolutely imperative to the united States in more than one way: the arts condone a universal language spoken and understood by all, help US citizens to develop and define culture, and provide a necessary outlet to every age group across the country. First of all, the arts foster a universal language that no other program or department of study can compete with.Van Sago's Starry Night Is Just as meaningful in Venice, Italy as it Is In Tokyo, Japan; each part of the arts has the ability astound and create beauty anywhere and everywhere despite language, race, nationality, gender, and edu cation. A common argument for the funding of the arts is that the arts are a â€Å"public good† and provide service that simply exists and shouldn't have to be paid for. While sometimes the arts don't offer this service themselves, they offer social services that do.This long-used argument complements â€Å"the Idea that the arts benefited those beyond their direct consumers through the channels of national prestige, heritage preservation. And education† (Saunders 594). The prominence of the arts all over the world is a justifiable reason for giving every last person a basic knowledge and understanding of the arts. Defending arts departments across America is not the right way to go about doing this.Funding the arts' should be radically important to Americans due to the effect the arts programs and their participants have on the American culture. While culture seems travail to many, Its' development actually has a vast and underrepresented direct effect on the nation's pride. Questioned pride only leads to problematic questioning of loyalty, terrorism, and patriotism, and those are issues no country wants to deal with.Obviously, in no way does funding of the arts directly affect one's loyalty to their country, but the development of a country's culture does usually help to prevent a lack of patriotism In G' citizens. In an Interview with Bill Vive, the chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts, Vive states that he â€Å"thinks that a federal agency has to connect with the complexity of the society It serves†¦ Some of that complexity is multiplicity of cultural traditions† (â€Å"The Populist Promise†). Finally, the arts are a creative outlet for a multitude of people, young and old, across America.For example, a young boy experiencing abuse at home can let out all is frustrations with a paintbrush, or an aging teacher struggling to keep a Job may find stress relief in the violin's sweet sound, but either way, frustration, stress, confusion, and discomfort are all exposed and abandoned In the light of these and high school (where students can choose) art classes, bands, and choirs, kids become exposed to this outlet, and while not all of them find the arts suitable, many do. â€Å"Studies have shown that 90 percent or more of secondary schools offer instruction in music or the visual arts.The fact that about half (or slightly less) of the dents choose to take such courses is a measure of how students gauge their interests† (Goldman). Even struggling, stressed adults can find peace in a bar of Mozart or be on the edge of their seat to a Rachmaninoff prelude. Therefore, it is a most essential outlet to society. â€Å"While no one questions the innate value of being able to paint a pleasing picture, play an instrument or sing, it is also true that being unable to read, write or do math is more likely to lead to low- skilled labor, unemployment and consequent poverty' (Goldman).It's true that whe n it comes to acquiring a well-paying, reasonable Job in society, it's more logical for a student to understand basics like reading, writing, and mathematics. The important thing to note here is that it is not a question of either, or. It is a question of balancing and balancing evenly so that each student has the opportunities they need to succeed. In Barbara Standard's 1995 Harvard University speech, she says, â€Å"The far right is waging a war for the soul of America by making art a partisan issue and by trying to cut these arts orgasm,which bring culture, education, and Joy into the lives of ordinary Americans.They are hurting the very people they claim to represent† (Brooks). She says this because the arts are much, much more than a political issue that surfaces once or twice every so many years. Its the backbone of culture around the world, its the universal language that is naturally understood, and it its the outlet of the everyday citizen. There is no program more i nfluential to our society than the arts, and how America funds this program should directly reflect that. Argumentative essay Companies should reduce working hours for their employees, because It can bring benefits. Such as, Increase labor productivity, solving social and environmental problems, and making people's life happier and healthier. Supporting details: 1 . Reducing work hours can create productivity. Workers or employees can be more focus on their task or business without wasting time, and higher efficiency of production could create more profits for companies. 2. Reduction of working ours might trend to reduce absences and sick notes, so that it could save social spending.In addition, people who are employed can be more flexible on arrange their transportation, instead of driving, they will more likely tend to use echo-friendly transportations, like bicycle, walking by foots. 3. People can spend more time with their family or their hobbies, which can reduce the risk of getting psychological problem. And smaller working hours also reduce the Industrial disease. Introduction. Do you usually feel di zzy. No concentration and unable to work at the last hour before oh get off work? Are you bored by having a long time working day without doing anything? I guess most of people will answer yes'.Even though, the land founder of America had envisioned that people can have a lot of time to do what they want and many people followed up to maintain it. You must admit that today there are more and more people's life are occupied by endless working and it trend to be normal. However, things are not unchangeable, a recent discover discloses that less work hours can Increase productivity when hold salary constant, and people have started o experiment this theory in some counties. It means the endless work perhaps will be terminated In the future. According to Atonal Rasher who works for telegraph. O. UK, said that a Swedish city Is testing a new policy In order to Increase productivity and reduce social spending by cutting down the work hours from 8 to 6 per a day. Base on their arrangement, a tested group which is hundreds of civilians who work in a compass department work 6 hours per day versus an observational group that is other employees who still maintain 8 work hours daily. Then, the searcher will compare and analyze result of two groups after a certain period. Anna Coot, head of Social policy, has been full of confidence that this experiment will be as successful as they expect.However, the local opposite party are not buying it, they claim that it's Just a poor technique that governing party are trying to win support from workers before election. In addition, they point out there is other Swedish city Koruna, and Its district council are used to be testing six hour work day within a group of people who work In a government department, but this experiment re failed and cancelled In 2005, because they found It not make any situation better that before, conversely, people form other department become jealous of them. Introversion topic. Even though, there are som e researches show that less work hour results higher productivity, it's not always true. In my opinion, I believe that reducing work hour for employees is beneficial for our society. For example, increasing labor productivity, solving social and environmental problems, and making people's life happier and healthier. Body paragraph 1 James Coursework, who are the Journalist of New York Time, claimed that long time working can diminish labor marginal production in both quantity and quality.In factory, longtime work will increase the chance of errors and dangerous; equally, for people who are working in the office, longer work hour make them exhausted and they will have bad performance on their Job. According to Alexandra Michel, a former Goldman Cash. Overworked people cannot doing their Job nicely and quickly, and if they are keeping overwork, they will become even worse and slower.In addition, overworked people usually suffer from depression, aspiration, and sickness, and their abil ities of creativity and assessment are declined. I think those claims are accurately pointed the harm of overwork, as all we know each human has a biological limitation. If we exceed this boundary to work by consuming extra biological energy, the loss will be much more than earn. That is the reason why some of my classmates who give up the time to sleep and study overnight before taking exam do not receive highest grade in the class. Argumentative Essay SULA This essay is a compare and contrast of the character’s Sula and Nel from the novel ‘‘Sula’’ by Toni Morrison. Throughout the progression of the novel, Nel and Sula complement each other in    ways that allows them to form a single functional unit friendship. The symbiotic nature between Sula and Nel began during their childhood years. Sula depended upon Nel for sturdiness and comfort, while Nel preferred the unpredictable nature of her sula. They used the other's lifestyle to compensate for their shortcomings by placing themselves in the other's surroundings.When Sula visited Nel's home, Nel, who loved the oppressive neatness with dread, felt comfortable in it, with Sula. In the same way, Sula found comfort within the walls of the Wright’s home. They took solace in each other's presence. Each one found comfort in what the other finds bothersome. Sula dislikes her disheveled house, and wishes that she could live in the clean house of Nel 's. Nel likes the homeliness of Sula's house. As their relationship progressed, they began to act as an individual, or a symbiotic relationship where associations are peaceful cooperation’s between two entirely different types of organisms.Dependent describes the friend's relationship, because they depended on each other for everything. Sula and Nel's friendship, was as intense as it was sudden. They found relief in each other's personality, because they find their comfort in each other's environment. When Sula accidentally killed the boy named Chicken Little by throwing him into a river, Nel stuck by Sula. They both took responsibility for the accident, even though Sula was the only participant. At Chicken Little's funeral, Sula and Nel held hands and knew that only the coffin would lie in the earth; the bubbly laughter would stay aboveground with them forever.Their relationship up to this point, is a coexistence of happiness with each other. The Unhealthy Relationship of Su la and Nel  is that they rely on one another for their well being. However, sometimes those organisms become greedy and decide to take in the relationship, instead of sharing with their symbiotic partner. Through this action, it takes on parasitic characteristics. In  Toni Morrison's work,  Sula, Sula Peace and Nel Wright demonstrate how a symbiotic  relationship goes awry. When one partner betrays the other, by taking instead of giving, the other partner suffers.Nel and Sula's relationship suffers because Sula unfortunately takes actions that lead to partaking in a parasitic relationship where she begins to wither away. Nel refuses the parasitic lifestyle and relationship, which causes Sula to wither away. In the midst of her death, Sula finally realizes that she needs the symbiotic relationship with Nel to survive. The interactions between Sula and Nel began symbiotically; however, it develops into a parasitic one with the dependence of Sula on Nel. Argumentative Essay EJ Barr Mrs. Rhonda Crombie English 1101 12-11-12 Why Cigarette Smoking Should Be Banned The idea of cigarettes being banned has been an ongoing topic for the past thirty years. Many people believe that smoking cigarettes is a disgusting and dangerous habit and that it should be made illegal, and I am one of those people. Smoking is dangerous to a person's health, people around them, and also to their pockets. Cigarette smoking is very unattractive and unhealthy to other people.Smokers create unpleasant smells to themselves and everything they own. Smoking also dulls and ages a smoker's appearance by creating premature wrinkles, yellow teeth, bad breath, yellow fingernails, and the annoying â€Å"smoker’s cough†. Also, there is concern today about passive smoking. Recent research has shown that non-smokers can suffer health problems if they spend long periods of time among people who do smoke. Cigarette smoking is, obviously, a dangerous habit that can kill you.Smoking creates many harmful diseases such as lung cancer, emphysema, heart cancer, and many more deadly diseases. The 2,000 known poisons in cigarettes, such as tar, carbon, and rat poison, are the contributors to the many diseases a smoker attains. Also, cigarette smoking is extremely addictive. Nicotine, the chemical in cigarettes that make them so addictive, is a colorless, odorless oily substance that occurs naturally in nature. It is proven that nicotine damages your brain right after the first time a person smokes because of the receptors in it.Not only does it damage the brain, it can potentially damage a person's whole life. A person can face cancer, a deathly disease just becuase they are addicted to a cigarette, which is such a crazy concept to me. While being harmful to themselves, smoker's run a risk of harming others around them while they smoke. Second hand smoke victims are just as vunerable to many of these diseases as the smoker themselves. The United States Environmental Protection Agency has found that tobacco smoke contains 7,000 chemical compounds.More than 250 of those are known to be harmful, and of those, at least 69 of those are known to cause cancer. (2) There is also evidence that second hand smoke may be linked to childhood leukemia, and cancer of the larynx, pharynx, brain, bladder, rectum, and stomach. Second hand smoking is neither fair nor healthy for any of the parties involved. If smokers have the choice to slowly kill themselves, then the people around them that are affected should have a choice whether or not they breathe in someone else's smoke.Cigarette smoking is also very expensive to the smoker and their family. A pack of twenty-five cigarettes averages around four dollars. (1) If a smoker smokes a pack per day he or she will spend around 1,500 dollars per year, and roughly 15,000 dollars every ten years. With that kind of money, a smoker could almost have enough to buy themselves a new car! Also, a smoker is more likely to ca tch colds, the flu, and other respiratory infections. That means more trips to the doctor and more money spent.In conclusion, cigarette smoking helps no one, does not add to our society in any positive way, and it slowly kills people. Cigarettes also cause discomfort for people who have to be around it, and it can be harmful to the health of those who are not even smoking at all. Because of all these reasons, I believe that smoking cigarettes should be made illegal. Everything about this past time is harmful and has no use. Cigarettes should be put down by everyone in our nation, and better lifestyles and past times should be picked up. Argumentative Essay Our Generation Has Become Overly Dependent On Technology With the creation of technology, I’m beginning to wonder if it’s a good or bad idea to be so dependent on technology. People are on their cell phones, ipads, tablets or computers constantly. People are so obsessed with their phones that they even text someone in the same room. Do people need to be entertained every hour of the day? For some, technology is very addictive. They have to run out and purchase the latest gadget as soon as it comes out.I hardly see anyone read a book these days; they listen to audio books or read books online. Before technology, people actually wrote each other and met in person. Now they talk via Skype, Facetime or text messages. We have become a society handicapped by technology. Like so many people, I don’t know very many people’s numbers by heart anymore because we rely on our contact list on our cell phones. Lord forbid we lose our cells; we would be lost. There is no escape from technology, unless one lives under a rock.We check our phones for missed calls and messages consistently. We check emails, twitter and facebook to make sure we haven’t missed the latest status updates. By the middle of the day, we have already been exposed to multiple forms of technology. The sixties generation where I come from just can't help but wonder, have we gone too far? I don't mean, have we gone too far with the development of technology. It's very beneficial to advance technologically as a nation. Even I realize that.But I think we've gone too far in allowing our children to depend on computers and other devices to do their work and research for them. Many children and young adults depend on the Internet to figure out answers on their homework or just daily questions about life. The internet is a great source for information, but taking the easy route too often can result in bad habits. People don't go to the library to do research anymore, they simply u se Google. Many people can't even do basic math without a calculator.We have already become too reliant on  technology. Also, with social media sites such as Facebook or Twitter,  cyberbullying has become a reoccurring issue that is becoming much harder to end. We shouldn't let kids get too accustomed to using technology to solve their problems. It takes away their creativity. One can pretty much find anything on the Internet these days. Even parents will go on the Internet to search recipes or new ways in decorating a house or many other things.Some parents are even relying heavily on television and video-games to entertain their children so they don’t have to. I call this the lazy parent way of parenting. If we have a major black-out or world crisis, it will be interesting to see how people survive without technology. No one will be able to do anything for themselves because they have been relying on technology for so long. I hope everyone considers how much time techno logy has consumed their life, and take at least 10% of that time and spend it on someone or something important that can benefit them and others. Argumentative Essay SULA This essay is a compare and contrast of the character’s Sula and Nel from the novel ‘‘Sula’’ by Toni Morrison. Throughout the progression of the novel, Nel and Sula complement each other in    ways that allows them to form a single functional unit friendship. The symbiotic nature between Sula and Nel began during their childhood years. Sula depended upon Nel for sturdiness and comfort, while Nel preferred the unpredictable nature of her sula. They used the other's lifestyle to compensate for their shortcomings by placing themselves in the other's surroundings.When Sula visited Nel's home, Nel, who loved the oppressive neatness with dread, felt comfortable in it, with Sula. In the same way, Sula found comfort within the walls of the Wright’s home. They took solace in each other's presence. Each one found comfort in what the other finds bothersome. Sula dislikes her disheveled house, and wishes that she could live in the clean house of Nel 's. Nel likes the homeliness of Sula's house. As their relationship progressed, they began to act as an individual, or a symbiotic relationship where associations are peaceful cooperation’s between two entirely different types of organisms.Dependent describes the friend's relationship, because they depended on each other for everything. Sula and Nel's friendship, was as intense as it was sudden. They found relief in each other's personality, because they find their comfort in each other's environment. When Sula accidentally killed the boy named Chicken Little by throwing him into a river, Nel stuck by Sula. They both took responsibility for the accident, even though Sula was the only participant. At Chicken Little's funeral, Sula and Nel held hands and knew that only the coffin would lie in the earth; the bubbly laughter would stay aboveground with them forever.Their relationship up to this point, is a coexistence of happiness with each other. The Unhealthy Relationship of Su la and Nel  is that they rely on one another for their well being. However, sometimes those organisms become greedy and decide to take in the relationship, instead of sharing with their symbiotic partner. Through this action, it takes on parasitic characteristics. In  Toni Morrison's work,  Sula, Sula Peace and Nel Wright demonstrate how a symbiotic  relationship goes awry. When one partner betrays the other, by taking instead of giving, the other partner suffers.Nel and Sula's relationship suffers because Sula unfortunately takes actions that lead to partaking in a parasitic relationship where she begins to wither away. Nel refuses the parasitic lifestyle and relationship, which causes Sula to wither away. In the midst of her death, Sula finally realizes that she needs the symbiotic relationship with Nel to survive. The interactions between Sula and Nel began symbiotically; however, it develops into a parasitic one with the dependence of Sula on Nel. Argumentative Essay SULA This essay is a compare and contrast of the character’s Sula and Nel from the novel ‘‘Sula’’ by Toni Morrison. Throughout the progression of the novel, Nel and Sula complement each other in    ways that allows them to form a single functional unit friendship. The symbiotic nature between Sula and Nel began during their childhood years. Sula depended upon Nel for sturdiness and comfort, while Nel preferred the unpredictable nature of her sula. They used the other's lifestyle to compensate for their shortcomings by placing themselves in the other's surroundings.When Sula visited Nel's home, Nel, who loved the oppressive neatness with dread, felt comfortable in it, with Sula. In the same way, Sula found comfort within the walls of the Wright’s home. They took solace in each other's presence. Each one found comfort in what the other finds bothersome. Sula dislikes her disheveled house, and wishes that she could live in the clean house of Nel 's. Nel likes the homeliness of Sula's house. As their relationship progressed, they began to act as an individual, or a symbiotic relationship where associations are peaceful cooperation’s between two entirely different types of organisms.Dependent describes the friend's relationship, because they depended on each other for everything. Sula and Nel's friendship, was as intense as it was sudden. They found relief in each other's personality, because they find their comfort in each other's environment. When Sula accidentally killed the boy named Chicken Little by throwing him into a river, Nel stuck by Sula. They both took responsibility for the accident, even though Sula was the only participant. At Chicken Little's funeral, Sula and Nel held hands and knew that only the coffin would lie in the earth; the bubbly laughter would stay aboveground with them forever.Their relationship up to this point, is a coexistence of happiness with each other. The Unhealthy Relationship of Su la and Nel  is that they rely on one another for their well being. However, sometimes those organisms become greedy and decide to take in the relationship, instead of sharing with their symbiotic partner. Through this action, it takes on parasitic characteristics. In  Toni Morrison's work,  Sula, Sula Peace and Nel Wright demonstrate how a symbiotic  relationship goes awry. When one partner betrays the other, by taking instead of giving, the other partner suffers.Nel and Sula's relationship suffers because Sula unfortunately takes actions that lead to partaking in a parasitic relationship where she begins to wither away. Nel refuses the parasitic lifestyle and relationship, which causes Sula to wither away. In the midst of her death, Sula finally realizes that she needs the symbiotic relationship with Nel to survive. The interactions between Sula and Nel began symbiotically; however, it develops into a parasitic one with the dependence of Sula on Nel.

Nebular Model of the Solar system

Nebular Model of the Solar system Introduction Philosophers and scientists, particularly the astronomers, have been looking for information pertaining to how the universe was formed.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Nebular Model of the Solar system specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even though there is no single authoritative model that explains the manner in which the universe was formed, there is one model that satisfies the highest share of astronomers: the nebular hypothesis or model. The model is not only the most popular but also the one that garners several factual arguments on its accounts for the formation of the universe. The hypothesis dates back to 1734 when Emanuel Swedenborg (Woolfson 1984, p.6) first proposed it. It dates the formation of the universe back since some 4.6 billion years following the collapse of an interstellar molecular cloud of particles comprising of ice, rock, and dust among others. However, several criticism s were raised on it for a couple of years making it fall out of favour. One of the central criticisms of the nebular hypothesis rested on its inability to provide an explanation on why the sun lacked angular momentum in comparison with all other planets, which orbit around it (Fogg Nelson 2007, p.1195). Nevertheless, â€Å"now, it is back with a definitive model† (Gomes et al. 2005, p.466). As from early 1980s, tremendous studies have been carried on young stars. The studies show that young stars are â€Å"surrounded by cool discs and gas, exactly as the nebular hypothesis predicts† (Gomes et al. 2005, p.468). This has made the nebular hypothesis to be reaccepted. Following this validation of nebular hypothesis, this paper finds it ample to describe nebular model of the solar system coupled with the features of solar system that the model explains.Advertising Looking for research paper on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% O FF Learn More Description of Nebular model of the solar system According to nebular model of the formation of the universe, the formation of the solar system is inherent to the formation of the stars and planetary disks. The figure below shows fundamentals of universe formation. Source: (Kokubo Ida 2002, p.673) Formation of stars Stars are believed to have been formed from a giant cloud of molecular hydrogen, which was as big as 300,000 times the size of the sun (Montmerle at al. 2006, p.42). The nebular theory of the solar system approximates that the massive collapsing of the proto-stellar nebulae took place some 100, 000 years ago (Pudritz 2002, p.69). All nebulas initiate with some angular momentum. A gas is found at the centre of every nebular. Relative to the outer parts, this gas has a lower angular momentum. It undergoes an incredible compression resulting to the formation of a hot core that does not contract. The core’s mass is lesser than the origi nal mass of the entire nebula (Mohanty, Ray Basri 2005, p.492). The core constitutes the seed, which, while fully grown, forms the stars. Further collapsing truncates into retention of the angular momentum. Consequently, â€Å"the rotation of the in-falling envelop accelerates which largely prevents the gas from directly accreting onto the central core† (Klahr Bodenheimer, 2003, p.869). Forcefully, the gas finds its way outwards close to â€Å"the equatorial plane of the core, which in turn forms the disk that further accretes onto the formed core† (Klahr Bodenheimer 2003, p.887).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Nebular Model of the Solar system specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This makes the core grow magnificently in terms of mass to the extent that it makes up a proto-star, which is very hot. In this particular stage, the in-falling envelope gigantically obscures the proto-star coupled w ith its disk making it directly invisible (Mohanty, Ray Basri 2005, p.499). The proto-star emits a radiation, which is in the order of sub-millimeters or millimeters. Nebular theory classifies these proto-stars as belonging to class zero. However, the luminosity of these proto-stars is ideally very high ranging in the order of 100. This energy originates from gravitational collapses (Kokubo Ida 2002, p.666). It occurs because the cores of the proto-stars have not become hot enough to the extent that the process of nuclear fusion can begin. When the materials forming the envelope proceed falling into the proto-star disk, a stellar object becomes conspicuous. This occurs initially in the region of infrared and in a visible range of electromagnetic spectrum later. When the proto-star garners enough mass above, about 80 times of that of Jupiter, hydrogen fusion initiates. However, when this mass is lower than this, a brown dwarf object is developed (Mohanty Ray Basri 2005, p.508). De velopment of new stars takes place about 100, 000 years upon inception of the collapse process. The resulting solar system’s objects are classified as class one proto-stars at this level. During the next stage, the disk gathers the envelope. This results to its disappearance. The resulting proto-star is the T Tauri star. According to Mohanty, Ray and Basri (2005), â€Å"the mass of the disk around a classical T Tauri star is about 1–3% of the stellar mass, and it is accreted at a rate of 10-7 to 10-9 solar masses per year† (p.505).Advertising Looking for research paper on astronomy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A classical T Tauri star has properties such as â€Å"emission limes, existence of jets, photometric variability, strong flux, and possession of magnetic activities† (Mohanty, Ray Basri 2005, p.505). The formation of the emission lines is owed to the hitting of the star’s surface by accreted gas. This takes place within the magnetic poles. The jets are principally the avenues through which the excessive momentum of the star is lost. Formation of planetary disks and planetary system Apart from the formation of stars, another essential concern of the nebular model is to provide an explanation of how the proto-planetary disks are formed. This provides mechanisms of laying the foundation on provision of an explanation on how the entire universe formed, as well as how it continuously evolves. Nebular hypothesis holds that, under certain circumstances and provisions, instead of disappearance of the planetary disk, it may give rise into a planetary system. Megeath et al. sup ports this argument by claiming, â€Å"Proto-planetary disks have been observed around a very high fraction of stars in young star clusters† (2005, p.114). An example of formation of a proto-planetary disk in Orion nebula is shown in the figure below. Source: (Font et al. 2004, p.901) Disks exist right from the onset of the process of formation of stars. However, in the early stages, it is not possible to view them because of opacity in the environment that surrounds a proto-star. For a class zero proto-star, the planetary disk is immensely hot. Consequently, inside the disk, many of the volatile materials evaporate leaving behind refractory elements. Therefore, ice can only possibly exist in the outermost part of the disk (Font et al 2004, p.901). Rocky planets are formed in the inner sections of the proto-planetary disks. In these sections, temperatures are too high to permit condensation of ice coupled with certain other substances to form grains (Sean, Quinn Lunine 2007 , p.67). Consequently, coagulation of grains that are rocky in nature occur leading to creation of planetensimals that are rocky. In the words of Montmerle et al (2006), the conditions â€Å"are thought to exist in the inner 3-4 AU part of the disk of a sun-like star† (p.73). On the formation of the planetensimals from the proto-planetary disks, the process of runaway accretion initiates. During this process, the planetary body grows such that M4/3 is directly proportional to R4 (Montmerle et al 2006, p.65) where R is the radius of the growing body while M is its mass. When this process is completed, the stages of oligarchic accretion and merger follow respectively. These are the last two stages for the formation of a rocky planet. Features of solar system explained by nebular solar system The nebular theory for the formation of the solar system explains the process of formation of a number of features that make up the solar system. They include stars, planets, and asteroids among others. The theory holds that the universe formed when the interstellar gas molecules that were filled with ice, rocks, and dusts among other particles spontaneously collapsed. This collapse was caused by a turbulence whose aftermath was heating up of these particles making them turn into stars. Initially, the components that make up the universe were in the form of clouds. A cloud of dust believed to form the solar system by astronomers is shown below. Source: (Montmerle et al 2006, p.47) During the solar system formation process, most of these clouds settled at the centre to form the sun. On the other hand, some of the materials became flattened to form the planetary disks (Montmerle et al 2006, p.49). Material making up the disks formed the planet coupled with other objects that are found in the solar system. Other materials stuck together to form solids (balls), which grew bigger when more materials collided with them. The balls formed the cores of the planets. When the g rowing solids developed their own gravitational pulls, the rate of attraction of ice and dusts particles became even more enhanced. Stars and terrestrial planets With regard to the nebular hypothesis, stars resulted from the thick and gigantic particles of hydrogen vapours. The hydrogen clouds were â€Å"gravitationally unstable and matter coalesced to smaller denser clump, which then collapsed and formed stars† (Stamatellos, Hubber Whitworth 2007, p.31). The formation of giant stars is illustrated below. Source: (Stamatellos, Hubber Whitworth 2007, p.30) The nebular hypothesis also holds that the process of star formation is an intricate one. It produces hefty amounts of proto-planetary disks of gasses around a forming star. In the due process, this may truncate into the formation of planets. Consequently, the procedure of star creation results to the innate configuration of terrestrial system. In this context, Fogg and Nelson (2007) claim that the hypothesis approximates , â€Å"†¦a sun-like star usually takes 100 million years to form† (p.1198). The proto-planetary disks are initially hot. However, during the T Tauri star formation stage, it cools down upon attracting more dust grains that are composed of ice and rocks. This makes the first stage of formation of the planetary system. The second stage is marked by the coagulation of planentesimals to become kilometer-sized embryos right from centimeter-sized ones. However, â€Å" if the disk is massive enough, the runaway accretions begin, resulting in the rapid-100,000 to 300,000 years- formation of moon-to mars-sized planetary embryos†(Sean, Quinn, T Lunine 2007, p.70). Within the vicinities of stars, the developing embryos of planets undergo massive merging processes leading to the formation for terrestrial planets. This is the last stage, which takes approximately 100 million years. The most complex development is that of the creation of colossal planets like Jupiter. Giant p lanets Formation of Giant planets is thought to take place under conditions that are below snowlines. In such situations, the emanating planets embryos are principally comprised of ices. Consequently, such planets are â€Å"several times massive than the inner part of the proto-planetary disks† (Fogg Nelson 2007, p.1196). The nebular hypothesis further postulates that the components that are formed after the formation of the ice embryo are necessary. This remains unclear even though growth may take place to surpass 5 to 10 times the size of the earth. This threshold value is critical in the initiation of the process of accretion of gases (hydrogen-helium) from the surface of the disks. According to this theory, the course of gathering gases at the center of the springing planet is essentially slow. However, â€Å"when the planet becomes 30 or more times greater than the earth, the process accelerates and extends into the runaway† (Montmerle et al 2006, p.41). The proc ess of accretion does not proceed for eternity. It stops upon exhaustion of gasses. Consequently, planets acquire their defined masses since no further increase in masses occurs. Planets already created may relocate themselves thus causing a failure of cores leading to the formation of planet-like Neptune and Uranus (Boss 2003, p.578). Cores leading to the formation of these two planets â€Å"were formed too late when the disk had almost disappeared† (Megeath et al 2005, p.113). The nebular theory also holds that other components of the solar system were formed in similar manner in which the earth, the stars, and or giant planets such as Neptune, Saturn, and others were formed. Asteroids Just as Neptune was formed from failed cores, nebular theory claims that asteroids coupled with other planetesimals formed from failed formation of planets. Failed planets are essentially the objects that were formed from solar nebular (Bottke, et al. 2005, p.65). However, they hardly ended u p being large enough to compose a planet. From this explanation of the formation of asteroids, it is apparent that the initiation stages for formation of an element of the solar system may lead to the formation of another element under certain conditions such as the failure of a process to proceed to completion. Conclusion Many theories have been put forward to explain the formation of the solar system. One of such theories is the nebular theory of the formation of the solar system. The theory argues that the solar system was formed, and continues to evolve, through the coalescence of dust and ice among other particles in space. The theory dates back to 1743 when Emanuel Swedenborg first put it forward. Although it later faced disfavours, the modern evidence based on studies of the formation of new stars has made its reaccepted. However, this does not mean that the theory has cleared up all its criticisms. For instance, a prominent drawback of the theory rests on its inability to pr ovide explanations of the manner in which materials that are accreted by proto-stars lose their angular momentum. Consequently, it becomes hard to explain why some stars possess planets while others do not have belts made of dust. Amid these and other challenges of the nebular hypothesis, the paper has argued that the theory can explain the formation of some features of the solar system such as the stars, asteroids, and planets among others. References Boss, A 2003, ‘Rapid formation of outer giant planets by disk instability,’ The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 599 no. 1, pp 577–581. Bottke, W, Durda, D, Nesvorny, D 2005, ‘Linking the collisional history of the main asteroid belt to its dynamical excitation and depletion’, Icarus, vol. 179 no. 1, pp. 63–94. Fogg, J Nelson, P 2007, ‘On the formation of terrestrial planets in hot-Jupiter systems,’ Astronomy Astrophysics, vol. 461 no.3, pp. 1195-1199. Font, S, McCarthy, G, Doug, J, Ballantyne, D 2004, ‘Photoevaporation of circumstellar disks around young stars,’ The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 607 no.2, pp. 890–903. Gomes, R, Levison, F, Tsiganis, K Morbidelli, A 2005, ‘Origin of the cataclysmic late heavy bombardment period of the terrestrial,’ Nature, vol. 435, no. 7041, pp. 466–469. Klahr, H Bodenheimer, P 2003, ‘Turbulence in accretion disks: vorticity generation and angular momentum transport via the global baroclinic instability,’ The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 582 no.2, pp. 869–892. Kokubo, E Ida, S 2002, ‘Formation of protoplanet systems and diversity of planetary systems,’ The Astrophysical Journal, vol.581 no.1, pp 666–680. Megeath, T et al. 2005, ‘Spitzer/IRAC photometry of the Ï  Chameleontis association,’ The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 634 no. 1, pp. 113-116. Mohanty, S, Ray, J, Basri, G 2005, ‘The T Tauri Phase down to Nearly Planetary Masse s: Echelle Spectra of 82 Very Low Mass Stars and Brown Dwarfs,’ The Astrophysical Journal, vol. 626 no. 1, pp. 498–522. Montmerle, T et al. 2006, ‘Solar System Formation and Early Evolution: the First 100 Million Years’, Earth, Moon, and Planets, vol. 98 no. 4, pp. 39–95. Pudritz, R 2002, ‘Clustered star formation and origin of stellar masses,’ Science, vol. 295 no. 5552, pp. 68–75. Sean, R, Quinn, T, Lunine, J 2007, ‘High-resolution simulations of the final assembly of Earth-like planets 2: water delivery and planetary habitability,’ Astrobiology, vol. 7 no. 1, pp. 66–84. Stamatellos, D, Hubber, A, Whitworth, A 2007, ‘Brown dwarf formation by gravitational fragmentation of massive extended protostella discs,’ Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, vol. 382 no. 1, pp. 30–34.

Theories On Personalities

Theories On Personalities Personality is defined as "the qualities and characteristics that make us, as individuals, unique"‚ . However, the task of defining how one develops a personality is much harder. There are many different people with countless theories on how a human being develops their own characteristics and unique selves. I agree with many parts of different people's theories.One that I agree with is Erikson's Stages of Development. In this are eight stages of human development, from childhood to adulthood, in which people's lives can be influenced in ways that play into what type of person they turn out to be. The majority of these stages are during childhood, which I believe almost solely shapes a person. Childhood is the stage during life when we are most innocent and influential. An example of one of the stages, is the third stage, "Initiative v.s. Guilt"‚  during 4 and 5 years of age. This says that children who play with their peers and use their imaginations, learn to lead, fo llow, and think creatively, verses kids who feel guilty at playing make believe and using their imaginations and tend to cling to adults.Sigmund Freud QuoteThis stage, in particular I can relate to, because when I was just at home for the weekend, I usually just played by myself because my brothers were 10 years older than me, and not really up to playing Barbies. It wasn't a bad thing at all. I had friends and I did spend a lot of time with my family, but I always had such an active imagination, and I was just always carefree and having fun. I learned to do my own thing, and not always have to follow everyone else's lead. The rest of the theory states 7 other stages in life in which humans either go one way,

A Guide on Writing a Motivation Letter for the Internship

A Guide on Writing a Motivation Letter for the Internship A Guide on Writing a Motivation Letter for the Internship A motivation letter or an essay is a very challenging assignment, as it may play an important part in your future and career. With its help, you can express yourself and show that you are a perfect candidate for a particular internship or position. There may be tens or even hundreds of applicants for the same program and the committee should want to see why you differ from the rest only by reading your CV and motivation letter. It should be not only catchy and intriguing but also show your skills, knowledge and aspirations, hiding all the possible imperfections. Some students may also be asked to complete such a letter after finishing their internship, which can be even more challenging than the one you write at the beginning. Such a personal statement should cover the whole time of you being an intern, your personal and academic achievements and much more. Topics, which you can discuss, may include: Describe a situation, where you played the leading part and managed to solve it successfully; Express how a particular program corresponds with your personal and academic goals; What skills, classes or experience make you the best candidate for the internship? It doesn’t matter what type of a topic you need to discuss, as they all centered around your personality and achievements, which will contribute to the internship and college you are applying to. Helpful tips If you stress out about completing a motivation letter, don’t worry too much and consider it a regular application essay. All you need to do is to give the committee a reason to select you and see that you have qualifications and personal achievements, necessary for the program. Here are a few tips, which will make your motivation essay perfect: Start your letter with a hook. It can be a sentence or even a paragraph, which will catch attention of the reader. The committee should be intrigued and want to learn more about you. Imagine how many essays they are going to read, so try to be interesting and different. You can start with examples, interesting facts or personal achievements, related to the subject; You should not only concentrate on the things, which you will obtain while being an intern but also on the things, which can be useful for the college. Try to explain why choosing you would be a great benefit for the college, university or company; As any other essay, your letter should have a thesis statement. It is very important, as it gives direction for your letter and gives the reader a chance to see what you stand on. Try to compose a sentence or two, describing the key features you possess and the main reasons, which motivated you to apply to the particular internship; Don’t rewrite your CV. You will attach it to your application, so there is no need to mention the same things over and over again. You should better demonstrate your motivation, potential and reasoning, instead of listing brief and boring facts of your bio; Try to avoid common phrases. There are many words, which most of the students use and which already have no value for the reader. For example, ‘I am a motivated team-player’ or ‘I want to gain experience in the field of interest’. It is better to describe more concrete qualities and skills you want to learn from the program; Be serious about the internship. Even if it is a part time program, which doesn’t have any fees, you need to be respectful and prove that you will take it seriously. A great advice is to take it as your job and consider an important step towards your future career; Don’t neglect guidelines. We understand how tempting it may be to show your creativity, trying to stand out from the rest. However, this doesn’t work with formatting and you need to stick to all the requirements about margins, fonts, spacing and so on. Don’t forget about the proper size of the paper. If else is not indicated, it is usually not more than 500 words long.

Airplane accidents causes and prevention Research Paper

Airplane accidents causes and prevention - Research Paper Example The improved aviation operations enabled the aircraft to go on extended flights which it did not before this Act because there were more accidents in the early nineteenth century and no detailed investigation was performed. However, it is still important to understand what the main causes of airplane accidents are and what steps can be taken to improve the aviation so that air accidents can be avoided. Most often, it is the human error that causes crashes (Mello et al., 2008). Sometimes, the pilots are very experienced due to which they get over confident and tend to be careless. For example, running out of gasoline while the plane is on flight is a result of human carelessness when he thinks that he has enough to fly to the destination. There are a lot of issues while flying that may demand more gasoline than usual. This makes the pilot force landing which is in no way out of danger. McCormick and Papadakis (2003, p.4) state that there are a lot of reasons that cause aircraft components to fail and become a cause for airplane accident. Either there is a fault in the manufacturing of a certain part or more load than usual has been placed on it that causes it to malfunction. The structure may have been poorly designed so as to stimulate stress concentrations which result in fatigue collapse (McCormick & Papadakis). The authors assert that: Any aircraft flying can be torn apart by pulling back hard on the wheel at an excessive speed and thereby producing loads exceeding the ultimate values for which it was designed. A pilot may fly through severe turbulence, like a thunder storm, thereby causing high loads (p.4). It may happen that the aircraft design is such that an average pilot finds it hard to operate it. The controls may be improperly placed inside the cockpit enhancing the probability that the pilot mistakenly gives an incorrect control input. Mechanical components like gearboxes and couplings may

Gender and Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Gender and Language - Essay Example 1950’s television programs were ripe with examples of sexist language. The ‘boob tube’ as it was called then simply reflected life and language as it was at that seemingly archaic time. Women were second class citizens as was illustrated by the casual use of the words ‘dame,’ and ‘broad’ on television. Examples of sexist language can be found in any program at that time. In the Honeymooners, Ralph Cramden was the ‘king of the castle,’ and ‘wore the pants’ in his family (of two). Supper had better be on the table as he arrived home and if Alice got out of line he threatened to ‘send her to the moon’ meaning to hit her in the face as hard as the 300+ pound man could. That was the ‘50’s but this type of sexism in language persists even today. Sexist language can be deliberate, concealed or controlled. The deliberate use of obvious and overtly derogatory sexist terminology is generally considered discriminatory and is patently unfair treatment of women as compared to men. The intention of concealed sexism is also deliberate and discriminatory but the delivery is of a covert nature. â€Å"Subtle sexism is particularly interesting from both theoretical and practical perspectives because it may be quite prevalent, and may have an insidious impact on its victims† (Benokraitis & Feagin, 1999). In Sexism as it exists in language is a controlled manner of speaking that perpetuates gender stereotypes and reinforces status disparities between men and women (Parks & Robertson, 1998). Those less sensitive to sexism as a whole tend not to define the demeaning terms they use as sexist language. These people are of the opinion that sexist language does not exist or are either consciously or subconsciously trying to safeguard tra ditional patriarchal social hierarchies. Those persons more receptive to sexism and the harm it causes do attempt to adjust their speech patterns so as

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Case study - Essay Example The Town Council decided to create an Advisory Board to guide and promote the activities of SACC because of the huge gathering of public there. Two Town Councilors, the vice Chancellor of the local University, the CEO of the large electronics company, a representative of SACC’s Bank, 2 local media celebrities, the president of the local Chamber of Commerce and two representatives from the theatre were the council members. Along with growth, problems also started to creep in as the local residents started to complain about the activities that Bernard introduced as they suspected that Bernard had raised the profile of the town through new activities and the interests of the local community had been ignored. As an Employer, the centre had grown significantly and now it employs 60 full-time and 120 part-time employees as well using the university students as temporary employees when special events are held. Moreover, the centre struggled to find a replacement for the retiring Bernard. Former Director of a large Cultural and Performing Arts Centre in Chicago, Calvin Spacey became the Artistic and Managing Director of SACC later. This report explains the change management and leadership policies Calvin should adopt in order to steer SACC out of trouble. â€Å"Change management is a systematic approach to dealing with change, both from the perspective of an organization and on the individual level†(Change management, 2010). SACC is growing rapidly and a new leader has already taken charge. Under such circumstances, changes should be happened in SACC both from individual and organizational level. The essence of any Change Management Policy is ‘effective and efficient communication. Internal and external communication is necessary for an organization to send the messages to the employees and the community and also to receive messages from the community and

I-HRM & Performance Management and Strategic Management Assignment

I-HRM & Performance Management and Strategic Management - Assignment Example However its importance becomes multi fold in global scenario due to the variable and dynamic nature of market. Success in IHRMs is akin to success of overall operational activity undertaken. Introduction: Organizations are a collection of different individuals and different processes that are grouped together into one unit in form of larger entity. Each of these has a clear role defined and responsibility assigned to them. Without the clear definition of the roles, the processes cannot excel. A special domain is in place that ensures that all these personnel are adjusted according to the requirement, and according to their skill and abilities. This is covered in the domain of Human Resource management. Assigning the right kind of role to the right kind of person in the right manner. The scope of HRM is quite a broad one and it entails almost all the activities of the personnel involved (Ristow, et al. 2009). No organization can survive without the presence of apt Human resource manag ement. Human resource management may exist in various forms. It can be of local level and/ or international level. The International human resource management is applicable in cases when the organization performs its activities and provides its services off shore and across the border. Like the domestic human resource management, IHRM is subject to the compliance of structures like performance management and strategic management. While each society has its own characteristic ways and patterns, and as a result of this, the individuals go about different functions in a different manner, it becomes imperative to adjust and accommodate these individuals and these functions according to their inspirations and in result yield the best deal out of the scenario and situation. They dynamic nature of I-HRM: Human resource management in the international context is the most dynamic concept since these trends vary from society to society, and country to country. While the basic concepts of huma n resource management remain the same, which are based on the basic principles of ensuring that the right kind of person is employed and inducted in the right place, yet in global context, the culture, the overall aptitude, the global patterns, the governmental factors and considerations also must be taken into account (Haris, et al. 2003). In the global scenario, the IHRM aims at creating a correlation between the nature of work and nature of people. Since a totally different culture and society is involved thereby variations are bound and adjustments ought to be made in accordance. The need: The need for human resource management in international scenario becomes more important than ever because different aptitudes, difference surroundings, and different variables are involved. In domestic domains, the natures and aptitudes can be easily comprehended, but in international scenario, the trends and patterns are totally different based on different set of values, cultural norms, folk ways, in such cases, understanding the human resource functions is an indispensible concept and it serves as the backbone towards the organizational success. Mishandling and it could lead to the overall failure of the organizational venture undertaken on international shores (MacCourt 2003). Literature Review: The early 19th century and middle 20th century has seen massive change in the manner in which businesses were being conducted earlier (Shuman & Twombly 2001 19). The global trends have prevailed since then with every individual and every organization in touch with

Differences between the Articles of confederation and the new Research Paper

Differences between the Articles of confederation and the new constitution - Research Paper Example The articles created a feeble national government incapable levying taxes and regulating trade hence the quest for the new constitution that improved the stature of the government by increasing its powers (Wendel 768). The removal of the articles of confederation was due to their immense powers over the national government. The articles lacked a court system to impose the levying plus collection of taxes. The congress was incapable of making laws and therefore levying of taxes was difficult. In addition, the articles did not provide an atmosphere for enhancing trade regulation between the existing states and other countries (Young 1572). The articles could only allow only a vote per state and too many powers to states. It also performed the functions of appointing the delegates for every state, which was undesirable. It was difficult to impose changes to the articles of confederation because there were undesirable procedures. All the states had to make amicable decisions to enhance t he changes. Having all the thirteen states in agreement over changes that would affect the government was not an easy task. Nine out of thirteen states had to approve any motion put forward to enhance amendment of the articles. Another weakness evident in the articles was the lack of a specific army to guard the nation. Each state stood separately with own affairs (Wendel 760). Every state developed policies for their own governance, not even the passage of treaties was a responsibility of the central government. Since very state created their own money, there was a possibility of lack of acceptance to their currency by other states. This created an unfavorable environment for the states to participate in trade and improve their micro economies. The unicameral legislature present in the articles provided an atmosphere that there was no power separation hence the national government remained weak (Young 1570). The operation of the post offices was a responsibility of the states and n ot the central government. The articles of confederation developed immense powers to the states. In the articles there were sections supporting assertion of wars plus coining and borrowing of finances. The central government was incapable of making the states to abide by the laws. Despite the national government’s efforts to make a nationwide currency, the currency was valueless due to existing currencies from the states (Wirkner 13). The lack of effective common currency led to weak trade plus commerce that retarded the general economy of the United States. Vulnerability to attack by other countries plus pirates was evident due to the lack of a central army and army to safe gourd the entire populace. The articles were prevalent because of the fear instilled to the colonies by the colonial government. The authorities from the states with the fear instilled by the powers of the colonial government centrality of governance feared the same (Jensen 10). The articles thus provided sovereign states in terms of decision-making and freedom. The articles were an important law of the land before promulgation of the new constitution, which made a through way for changes in the government operations. The executive wanted the elimination of the articles to create room for most operations for the central government. For years, there was deprivation in the ability of the

I-HRM & Performance Management and Strategic Management Assignment

I-HRM & Performance Management and Strategic Management - Assignment Example However its importance becomes multi fold in global scenario due to the variable and dynamic nature of market. Success in IHRMs is akin to success of overall operational activity undertaken. Introduction: Organizations are a collection of different individuals and different processes that are grouped together into one unit in form of larger entity. Each of these has a clear role defined and responsibility assigned to them. Without the clear definition of the roles, the processes cannot excel. A special domain is in place that ensures that all these personnel are adjusted according to the requirement, and according to their skill and abilities. This is covered in the domain of Human Resource management. Assigning the right kind of role to the right kind of person in the right manner. The scope of HRM is quite a broad one and it entails almost all the activities of the personnel involved (Ristow, et al. 2009). No organization can survive without the presence of apt Human resource manag ement. Human resource management may exist in various forms. It can be of local level and/ or international level. The International human resource management is applicable in cases when the organization performs its activities and provides its services off shore and across the border. Like the domestic human resource management, IHRM is subject to the compliance of structures like performance management and strategic management. While each society has its own characteristic ways and patterns, and as a result of this, the individuals go about different functions in a different manner, it becomes imperative to adjust and accommodate these individuals and these functions according to their inspirations and in result yield the best deal out of the scenario and situation. They dynamic nature of I-HRM: Human resource management in the international context is the most dynamic concept since these trends vary from society to society, and country to country. While the basic concepts of huma n resource management remain the same, which are based on the basic principles of ensuring that the right kind of person is employed and inducted in the right place, yet in global context, the culture, the overall aptitude, the global patterns, the governmental factors and considerations also must be taken into account (Haris, et al. 2003). In the global scenario, the IHRM aims at creating a correlation between the nature of work and nature of people. Since a totally different culture and society is involved thereby variations are bound and adjustments ought to be made in accordance. The need: The need for human resource management in international scenario becomes more important than ever because different aptitudes, difference surroundings, and different variables are involved. In domestic domains, the natures and aptitudes can be easily comprehended, but in international scenario, the trends and patterns are totally different based on different set of values, cultural norms, folk ways, in such cases, understanding the human resource functions is an indispensible concept and it serves as the backbone towards the organizational success. Mishandling and it could lead to the overall failure of the organizational venture undertaken on international shores (MacCourt 2003). Literature Review: The early 19th century and middle 20th century has seen massive change in the manner in which businesses were being conducted earlier (Shuman & Twombly 2001 19). The global trends have prevailed since then with every individual and every organization in touch with

Ethical Dilemma Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ethical Dilemma - Essay Example In order to carry out ethical teaching in class, the teachers might face ethical dilemmas often. Ethical dilemma is known to be the complex situation in which one might get when he has a mental conflict between moral essentials in which it is known that the choice of one may result in disobeying the other. They are also known as moral dilemmas and in these cases, societal and personal ethical guidelines may not provide any satisfactory outcome (Garber, 2008). Ethical dilemmas and moral situations can often arise in situations where one person can not take a moral decision and is bound to take a decision that does not fit in the ethical boundaries in one way or the other. Such situations may have many similarities and are at many times considered to be analogous (Carr, 1999). An experience I had that shows the similarities between the ethical dilemma and a moral situation is during my internship when I observed a situation in class where the teacher was in an ethical dilemma. The situ ation can be called as a moral situation and an ethical dilemma, as in both the cases, the teacher was bound to take a decision that did not fit into the moral principles and the professional ethics of education. In the situation, James was a classroom teacher of the ninth grade. His homework policy was that the homework would be given to take home on Friday and the students must bring it back and submit it on the following Thursday. He continuously emphasizes that it is the students’ choice to do it or not, but in case the homework is not completed and handed in on Friday, they will have to serve detention during one period of recess. Raoul was an excellent student in his class who always finished his work on time and correctly. He was a sensitive and dedicated student who strived hard to please the teacher. One Wednesday, Raoul gets sick and out of school, moreover the following day which was a Thursday, he forgot to bring his homework to class. This was the first time Raou l did not have his homework. James was sure that he had done his work and forgot to bring it. Raoul could get a day’s extension for being sick. And James also knew that the thought of serving detention was devastating for Raoul. However, James had to decide whether to follow the rule and have Raoul serve the detention, or make an exception based on the fact that Raoul has been sick and his routine is disrupted. This situation can very well be executed as a moral situation as well as an ethical dilemma. James is the teacher and he holds the responsibility in class to follow the professional ethics of education in which the teacher is supposed to apply the same rules for every student and avoid favoritism. On the other hand the professional ethics state that the teacher should understand each student and contribute in the best way possible towards his learning and his encouragement. James gets in ethical dilemma as he knows that taking a decision in regard of one ethical standa rd will violate the other. If James gives Raoul detention, he will discourage him and led his morale down, and if he gives him an excuse it will violate the professional ethics that he has set for his classroom (Robinson, 2005). In the similar way, the situation can also be called as a moral situation in which the teacher is bound by the moral principles of class and he is in moral dilemma. James is a teacher of ninth grade, who are teenage students and understand the situations of the class very well. If James gives an exception to Raoul, it will violate the moral conduct of the class in which the teacher owes a moral responsibility towards every child equally. Since Raoul has disobeyed the moral conduct of the class, James should give him the same punishment that all the students get,

Outsourcing Product Distribution the Right Way Essay Example for Free

Outsourcing Product Distribution the Right Way Essay Chain online magazine Aug. 2, 2000 For Internet companies that cannot afford to buy and store their inventory or hire an internal logistics staff, outsourcing the product distribution function can be either a smart business decision or a disaster. Success or failure in distribution depends on how carefully and continuously you manage this function to make sure your distribution partners are doing the job that is expected. When distribution is not a core competency for your company and you do not have the resources to make it one, outsourcing the function can help your company grow by allowing you to focus on your mission-critical activities. There are two types of outsourcing that are common among start-ups traditional distribution and drop ship fulfillment (DSF). Traditional distribution outsourcing involves hiring a third party to store and distribute your products through its national or international distribution network; this party provides the staff, warehouses, distribution center and transportation fleet. The second type of outsourcing, DSF, has grown in parallel with B2C retailing over the Internet. With DSF, a start-up company sells a product, charges the customer, generates a purchase order, and sends the PO to the manufacturer or supplier, who then fulfills the order by shipping the product directly to the customer. Since the start-up never possessed the product, the company does not incur any of the costs associated with storing or purchase the product. Many Internet start-ups have adopted this streamlined business model. Unfortunately, companies need to be careful when choosing an outsourcing partner. Outsourcing is not a panacea if your third-party distributors procedures and performance are not carefully monitored, you risk permanently alienating the customers you have worked so hard to attract. The key to a successful outsourcing relationship includes understanding the process, specifying objectives, establishing internal procedures for evaluating performance against objectives, and deploying systems that help to manage the function effectively. Watching Costs and Service If the manufacturer or distributor, which may be the same company, fulfills the customers order correctly, everyone is happy. However, in most cases, there are problems in one or more of these key areas: Â · Customer service Another company may be distributing your products, but ultimately you are responsible for the customer relationship. True, your company does not have direct control over the distribution process, but the customer only cares about receiving the product not who sent it or how it got there. If something goes wrong, you are responsible and must do what is necessary to correct the situation. Shipping costs Most manufacturers are setup to ship truckloads or pallets of products, not multiple orders of a single product. There are also manufacturers that require you to purchase more products you need, others set ridiculously high prices for the service, and some simply will not ship the orders. In some cases, start-ups are kitting a number of products, not because it adds value for the customer, but because it pushes the dollar value of their order above a threshold where the manufacturer will agree to DSF the products. Profitability Shipping costs directly affect your bottom line. Many start-ups are passing along the manufacturers shipping costs to their customers, raising the price of their products and putting themselves at a disadvantage in a competitive market. If the start-up does not pass along the entire cost, the shipping expense cuts into the profitability of every transaction. Getting Automated Help Successfully managing a third-party distributor requires establishing internal monitoring processes and requiring that specific employees are responsible for this function. These employees should also be responsible for developing and deploying computer systems to help automate the management function. Here are five critical requirements for your outsourcing relationship with your distributor: Â · Establish measurable standards for distributor performance. Â · Conduct periodic performance reviews. Â · Visit distributor sites to check security procedures (only if the start-up owns the inventory). Â · Monitor customer feedback and satisfaction levels. Â · As sales volume grows, periodically revisit the decision to outsource the distribution function. The right computer system can improve your ability to manage the distribution function in three areas: Â · Communication To allow you to automate communication with your suppliers and manufacturers, you must establish a back-end system. This means that you should not rely just on basic email, generated by an employee, to track orders. For example, you send the supplier an email to check on a backlogged product, someone then emails you back with a response, and finally you re-key the information into your system imagine a handful of employees checking 500 products. To be more efficient, you need a system that will scale this function as your volume expands and will use automated email, fax, Web portals and/or EDI to communicate order information. Â · Visibility You must know if a product is available before it is sold, and you cannot know this until you view your suppliers inventory to find out how much product you have been allocated and what is available. To do this, you need an application that provides you with visibility into your suppliers inventory tracking system. Track and Trace Customers want to know the status of their order: When was it shipped, where is it now, and when will I get it? If you want to retain customers, you need to be sure your computer system helps you manage returns, exchanges and refunds efficiently. A consulting organization that specializes in distribution and transportation can help you setup effective internal processes and, if necessary, build and deploy the computer systems you need to manage an outsourced distribution function for maximum benefit. Part of a consultants value can be in the area of knowledge transfer, educating your organization on how the distribution and transportation function works at the macro level and helping you set realistic expectations. In the final analysis, outsourcing the distribution function can make perfect sense for your small company but only if you remember not to outsource the responsibility of keeping your customers happy.

Interactive Behaviour at Work

Interactive Behaviour at Work Cheniere Energy was founded in 1983 and is a world leading liquefied natural gas (LNG) company. Through its subsidiaries the company engages in the development, construction, ownership, and operation of onshore LNG receiving terminals and natural gas pipelines in the Gulf Coast of the United States. It also engages in oil and natural gas exploration and development activities. Cheniere Energy is based in Houston, Texas with offices in Johnson Bayou, Louisiana, and London called Cheniere International UK Branch. The London office consists of six people who are responsible for sourcing and trading LNG cargoes for Cheniere as well as managing the day to day operations and activities of the office. Purpose of the report The purpose of this report is to examine work issues at Cheniere International UK Branch resulting from office harassment and specifically the conflict between an office assistant and the operations manager. It focuses on the interactive behaviour themes relating to communication, work relationships and leadership. Definition of Interactive Behaviour at work The term interactive behaviour at work refers to the reciprocal communication conduct of two or more persons. It covers both their overt behaviour and the factors and processes underlying it. It also extends to the use of communication for purposes such as self-presentation, co-operation, influencing others, working in groups and leadership. (Guirdham, 2002) Definition of the themes Communication According to Guirdham (2002) communication is a process of transferring information from one entity to another. Interpersonal communication at work may be face-to-face or indirect, formal or informal, and transmitted verbally or non-verbally. Communication is affected by language, communicator style, the differences between one- and two-way communication, power and status, culture, gender and disability. These effects on communication give rise to barriers, which can be analyzed as intrinsic, individual level and inter-group. To be high in quality, communication must overcome these barriers. Work relationship Interdependence and social orientations, roles, norms and conformity as well as co-operative, competitive and conflict behaviour are all concepts that help us to understand and be more effective in work relationships. Other important aspects related to the issues discussed cover conflict resolution, cultural differences, coping with prejudice, discrimination and harassment. (Guirdham, 2002) Harassment is defined as: conduct which is unreasonable, unwelcome and offensive, and which creates an intimidating, hostile or humiliating working environment. (Mullins, 2005) Harassment is a potential cause of stress. The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) defines stress as: The adverse reaction people have to excess pressure. It is not disease. But if stress is intense and goes on for some time, it can lead to a mental and physical ill health. Leadership Leadership can be defined as the ability of an individual to influence, motivate and enable others to contribute towards the effectiveness and success of the organisation of which they are members (Guirdham, 2002) There is a close relationship between leadership and management, especially in work organisation, and an increasing tendency to see them as synonymous. However, arguably there are differences between the two and it does not follow that every leader is a manager. Leadership might be viewed in more general terms, with emphasis on interpersonal behaviour in a broader context. According to Mullins (2005) due to its complex nature there are many alternative ways of analysing leadership. Leadership may be examined in terms of qualities or traits approach, in terms of the functional or group approach, as a behavioural category, in terms of styles of leadership, through the situational approach and contingency models, and in terms of distinction between transactional and transforma tional leadership. Problem identification The issue discussed in this report involves the deteriorating relationship between a manager and an assistant (myself) in a small office environment. In addition the report looks at the behaviour of a director of the company involved to whom the employees were directly responsible to. Matters discussed include the identification of key points of conflict between the two persons involved, the style of management, the reaction of fellow employees, the interaction with the director involved and steps taken to resolve the issue. Background and causes of problems I joined the Cheniere International UK Branch in 2008 as an office assistant. Working at their London office in Mayfair where there were three other employees at my level, two were English and one was an American. I was the only one having English as a second language. The operations manager was a mature English lady with a very strong personality and an accretive attitude. I noticed that I was being asked to do considerably more work than the other assistants and that the manager was querying my efforts every day. At first I thought this was because I was new to the job and that it was a way of measuring my capabilities and ability to cope with the stresses of the work. It became clear however that this was much more of a particular attitude toward me as compared to the other employees. Maybe write something about working in a multi-cultural environment or possibly highlight that there was predominance of white Anglo-Saxon employees and as such no exposure to different cultures or ethnic diversity. Inter-cultural problems arise when members of an in-group perceive members of an out-group as inferior. This can promote in-group favouritism, increased tendency to stereotype members of out-groups and negative attitudes to actual or perceived cultural differences. It can result in exclusion of members of out-groups, negative evaluations and harassment. In a small office environment it would be unusual for someone in a position of authority to feel threatened by a single junior employee. It is difficult to give any clear instances of harassment, as such, as this was a subtle but constant undermining of my position on a daily basis. This was apparent in her constant criticism of my work and references to my Polish background and English not being my native language. I made a point of asking the other assistants to check my work and they always said it was fine and that was just her way and not to worry. One occurrence that began to give me an insight to her behaviour was when she asked me, in front of all the other assistants, why I did not work as a nanny or cleaner as all other Polish girls did. This indicated to me that there was the possibility that her actions were not actually based upon my performance but upon a much deeper prejudice and possible stereotyping of Polish people (either collectively or by gender). In a strange way this was a relief as until then my confidence had been undermined and I felt under stress at work. It seemed nothing I ever did was right, I was often depressed, both at work and at home and it was difficult to understand why she picked on me and what was causing the problem. It also made it difficult for me to try to see how I could resolve the problem. Being aware of the personality clash between us I was trying to understand what caused her hostile behaviour and I blamed myself that it was I who caused the conflict, but on the other hand I knew I normally never have any major problems engaging with people, being an easygoing and friendly person. The Thoms-Kilmann Conflict Mode Questionnaire can be useful in explaining my stance in the conflict. Scoring 9 in avoiding and 9 in accommodating styles shows that I am not an assertive person, do not wish to hurt peoples feelings, obey orders and I am generally a selfless type of person. (See Appendix x for a copy of the Thoms-Kilmann Conflict Mode Questionnaire you took.) It was very difficult to please and satisfy her probably because she developed irrational beliefs and prejudiced views about me. If being from Poland meant to her that I should be a nanny or cleaner she maybe believed that people of other races or backgrounds are in some way inferior and therefore deserve to be treated as second class. According to Tehrani (1996) the lack of self awareness in harassers increases their fears and prejudice. Harassers never feel strong enough to test their views objectively, preferring to live in an irrational world, where they need to continually support their prejudiced views with biased evidence. To explain even deeper her behavior I would say she portrayed the actions of a stigmatizer. Freidson (1983) stated that in Erving Goffmans theory of social stigma a stigma is an attribute, behaviour, or reputation which is socially discrediting in a particular way: it causes an individual to be mentally classified by others in an undesirable, rejected stereotype rather than in an accepted, normal one. In this managers eyes I was different; she may not want to accept me because of my nationality, my different accent, my origin. Goffman divides the individuals relation to a stigma into three categories: the stigmatized are those who bear the stigma; the normals are those who do not bear the stigma; and the wise are those among the normals who are accepted by the stigmatized as wise to their condition. I then represent a stigmatized person, the manager is normal and rest of our team can be seen as wise. Strategic Implications of the problem My case can be seen as a micro problem because it describes a situation in a small office and only a few people are involved in the conflict. I am the only person who was harmed and it could be argued that it is difficult to show macro implications from this issue. However, I would like to stress that harassment at the workplace occurs very often and causes a lot of problems. According to the Advisory, Conciliation and Arbitration Service (ACAS) harassment in the workplace costs employers in the UK more than  £2bn per year in sick pay, staff turnover and lower productivity. 19 million working days are lost each year as a direct result of workplace harassment. 1 in 4 people report that they have experienced harassment in the last 5 years. 70% of HR professionals have witnessed or have been aware of harassment in their organisation. Organisations that fail to address the problem of unacceptable behaviour at workplace pay a heavy cost in terms of loss of staff, reduced innovation, mor ale and sickness absence. This is in addition to the cost of litigation and bad public relations (Tehrani, 1996). My issue did not affect the organisation in a significant way, except high staff retention within 1 year two office assistants left the company because of Janes difficult character. As mentioned before 25% of the population suffer from harassment. By describing my personal experience I raise an issue that affects a lot of people and something that organizations have to deal with. Harassment is related with work relationship one of the main themes which are described in this paper. According to Tehrani (1996) harassment has a number of common elements; it involves a hurtful behaviour, this behaviour is repeated over a period of time and the person being harassed finds it difficult to defend themselves. People being harassed will also have difficulty in being rational in their thinking, believing the acts or views of a harasser are the views of everyone else. When I was working for Cheniere I was felling sad, negative and worthless. In addition my feelings were heightened with outbursts of anger, crying, loneliness and hurt. Lack of pleasure in almost everything that I was doing was significant and difficult to cope with. Being humiliated resulted in the lack of self confidence to assert myself and challenge the unacceptable behaviour of operations manager. It needs to be added that harassment is linked with stress. Guirdham (2002) stated: Some of the major effects of stress include sleep trouble, tiredness, being unable to cope well in conflict situations, wanting to be left alone, smoking, drinking and eating too much, being unable to influence or persuade people and finding it difficult to get up in the mornings. I recall that I was often very tired, could not sleep, and did not want to see my friends or family. Some people were asking me why I let her be abusive and rude towards me. The answer is because she had power over me. As I mentioned I held the lowest position in the office and I was supposed to listen to everyone and doing whatever they needed at work. Among French and Ravens (1959) power sources there is one which can be implemented in this situation coercive power. (Podsakoff and Schriesheim, 1985) Threats and punishment are common tools of coercion. I was often given undesirable tasks by Jane. There is one in particular where she spilled tea on her desk and asked me to clean it. My example demonstrates that this source of power can often lead to problems and in many circumstances it involves abuse. Coercive power can cause unhealthy behaviour and dissatisfaction in the workplace. (mindtools.com) From my above evaluation it can be stated that the operations manager was definitely my significant other at that time. She had very strong influence on my self-esteem and my behaviour. Many organisations and their managers and executives are guilty of ignoring, tolerating or sustaining conflicts and harassment (Guirdham, 2002). This statement confirms the behaviour of my director who was trying to explain me that I should accept the fact that Jane is generally a difficult person and therefore should not take it personally what she says and how she behaves. Lack of leadership qualities can be seen in my bosss attitude. A large portion of the existing literature on leadership focuses only on the positive traits of leaders. However, the so-called dark side of leadership, or negative personal traits of leaders, has received relatively less attention. Also, in practice, leadership is mostly evaluated in terms of the positive traits and strengths of leaders, even though certain organizational factors and followers characteristics significantly contribute to the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of leaders (Toor and Ogunlana, 2009). The director was not an effective leader . A leader  who lacks character or integrity will not be seen as a competent one. Even though he was intelligent, affable, persuasive, or savvy, he was also prone to rationalizing unethical behaviour. Office harassment is a very unethical issue and should be resolved by a companys leader, but it was not in my case. Moreover leaders not attuned to the needs of the employees are not effective either. Successful leaders focus on workers satisfaction and loyalty. They should find ways to consistently engage them and incorporate them into companys policies and make sure they know and obey their code of conduct. If they ignore, mistreat, or otherwise do not value their employees, they will not be valued for competences. Furthermore good leaders should communicate effectively across mediums, constituencies, environments of course employees. My boss was aware that Janes behavior was harmful but did not react and did not want to be involved in the conflict. This observation can lead to a s tatement that the director represented a laissez faire leadership style. According to Flynn (2009) this type of a leader describes passive leaders who are reluctant to influence subordinates or give direction. They generally refrain from participating in group or individual decision making and to a large extent, abdicate their leadership role. Subordinates are given considerable freedom of action and, therefore, seem likely to maximize their power and influence. Although laissez- faire leadership can be very successful in some environments where followers are responsible for self-monitoring, problem solving in my case it was not what I needed. I was looking for a mediator in my conflict with Jane, someone who can direct and take steps to resolve the problem. From Blake Mouton Managerial Grid perspective, it could be argued that the director represented Impoverished Leadership which is known for creating a work environment that is not satisfying and not motivating. The result is a pl ace of disorganization, dissatisfaction and disharmony. (Rollinson, 2005) My boss had low concern for employee satisfaction because knowing I was depressed and was in a conflict he was not concerned about it. A major danger of stereotyping is that it can block out accurate perception of an individual and lead to potential situation of prejudice or discrimination. This in consequence can build communication barriers. Janes tendency to ascribe negative characteristics to me on the basis of a general categorisation was a simplified process of her perception. Her stereotyping process based on my nationality and education had a significant implication to the atmosphere in our office and my wellbeing. Her prejudice caused communication problem between us. According to Erven (2008) stereotyping is a barrier to communication when it causes people to act as if they already know the message that is coming from the sender or worse, as if no message is necessary because everybody already knows. People stereotype genders, races, religions, and cultures. They combine them to say things but often incorrectly creating assumptions. Stereotypes develop from reality. Poles steal British jobs became a stereotype because a lot of Poles are poor and had to learn how to survive and came here to look for a job but they do not deserve to be stereotyped. It might be true that most of Polish women work as nannies or cleaners but, it does not identify me, my needs, and my weaknesses. So if Jane used the stereotypical view of Polish women towards me, she missed who I actually am, as an individual. I wanted to communicate, talk to her and did not want to be lost in the stereotypical concept. People are complex and need to be understood as individuals, not stereotypes. Uniqueness is what gets lost in the stereotypes and lack of proper communication. People should listen, understand, consider the whole person, and that requires rejecting the preconceived assumptions, based on the stereotypes t hat are created and used. Communication is at the heart of many interpersonal problems faced by employers. Understanding the communication process and then working at improvement provide a recipe for becoming more effective communicators. Knowing the common barriers to communication is the first step to minimizing their impact. Stereotyping is a barrier to proper communication, it cannot just disrupt communication, it can destroy it. The significance of non-verbal communication and body language need to be evaluated in this report as in my case it was more important than verbal communication. According to Mullins (2005) non-verbal communication includes inferences drawn from posture, gesture, touch, invasion of personal space, extent of eye contact, tone of voice or facial expression. Very often the operations manger was using proper language and if was not obvious for others to see the conflict between us and her antipathy. Her tone of voice and facial expression were sending messages that I was not accepted and were unwelcomed. Mullins (2005) adds also that in our face-to face communication with other people the messages about our feelings and attitudes come only 7 per cent from the words we use, 38 per cent from our voice and 55 per cent from body language, including facial expression. Significantly, when body language such as gestures and tone of voice conflicts with the words, greater emphasis is likely to be placed on the non-verbal message. He also suggests that when verbal and non-verbal messages are in conflict (like in my case regarding communication with the operations manager) accepted wisdom is that the non-verbal signals should be the ones to rely on, and that what is not said is frequently louder than what is said, revealing attitudes and feelings in a way words cannot express. Alternative options for resolving problem Leave the job or stay. People have bad days at work. But if that bad day is every day, it might be time to consider leaving the job. Some causes of job dissatisfaction are impossible to alter, and in this case employees may well be better off making an exit. Leaving the job is usually a very difficult decision and can often cause mixed emotions: joy because of moving on to something better, sadness at losing people we enjoyed work with, relief we dont have to cope with the problem and conflicts anymore. Uncertainty about the future and new job has usually a big impact on peoples decisions. I was also concerned about my future. Staying with Cheniere was an alternative, but I was concerned how I can change the atmosphere and Janes behaviour. Talking to her or to my boss were the options to make my work conditions better. Alternatively I could stay with the company and try to accept the environment and ambiance, and try to reduce sensitivity to hostility or displays of prejudice. Mullins (2005) evaluated difficult people: Perhaps our reluctance to identify, and then directly address, conflict within organisations is based upon the widely held belief that conflict is inevitable, negative and unmanageable. There is a tendency to see conflict as a result one persons personality. Conflict may be inevitable, but how dramatically situations could be changed if we could also view it as positive and manageable. What if we think of these situations as raising questions of difference? What if we were to make a shift away from blaming individuals and their personalities, recognizing instead that it is through normal hum an interaction that outward expressions of difference are produced? Unfortunately coping with difficult people is not one of my strong points. Another option was to beat her at her own game. Act like her, be unsympathetic, telling colleagues how unfair she is. This option would be very difficult because she held higher position and therefore had power and because I respect people it wound be something against my values and beliefs. Choice of option I was trying to resolve the problem. I talked to the director but was ignored and was told that I should accept the situation as it is and accept Janes behaviour because she is difficult and she is not going to change her attitude. Another advice was that I should be less emotional and try to be mentally stronger. He did not wish to speak to Jane to ask to change her attitude and help her to cope with her hostile behaviour. Tehrani (1996) argue that the role of leader in developing the skills which enable people to communicate in an open and assertive manner is perhaps one of the most effective tools in addressing conflicts. The support of an assertive and caring manager is an important aspect of rehabilitating a harasser. Harassers need support when they are developing the new skills and behaviors in communication which will replace the harassing behaviours. I also talked to Jane but I was told that I read her intentions badly. She was trying to tell me that there was no issue betwe en us and I should not waste her time for such conversations. Rationale for choice Because I had an interesting job, was satisfied with my compensation I did not want to leave thus I was trying to find a resolution. I was not accepted by one of the co-workers but I did not want to be a victim of harassment. I was trying to be a survivor. According to Tehrani (1996) victims of harassment frequently express the view that there is little they can do to prevent the harassment taking place. They have no choice but to put up with what is being done to them. This perception of lack of personal control or power must be changed if the harassee is ever to make sense of what has happened to them. Survivors, on the other hand, are able to begin to make choices and decisions about what they want to do to stop or resolve the harassment. Survivors of harassment take an active part in deciding how they would like things to be handled when resolving their problems. They are keen to take responsibility for making things happen, rather than behaving passively, allowing others, howeve r well meaning, to take over control. One of the main skills survivors of harassment learn is to be assertive in expressing what they want and do not want to happen during the harassment investigation; to be able to say yes or no regardless of the wishes of others. Assertiveness is also one of the most important skills needed to prevent harassees becoming victims of harassment in the future. Finally the survivors of harassment are able to look forward to the future, a future without harassment, while the victims concentrate on the harassment itself, rather than on how they can change things to prevent the harassment occurring again. Although I was trying to help myself, was looking for help from the directors and also arranged a meeting with Jane, nothing changed. Implementation of Option I eventually decided to leave. It took me 2 weeks to find another job. The difference in the working environment was immense. New co-workers were pleasant and friendly. I am glad that I took control over the situation and left the company. I will never fully forget this experience but sometimes we should experience and accept the extremes, because if the contrast is lost, we lose appreciation. Time for Implementation I was working for this company for 5 months before handing in my resignation. Conclusion In recent years there has been an increasing recognition of the harm that could be done to individuals who become the victims of harassment or bullying. Although there have been significant moves to introduce legislation and guidelines that deal with the introduction of organizational policy and procedures on harassment and bullying, the occurrence of harassment is still common in many British organizations. My case in this paper can be perceived as a representation of this problem for many organizations. This is not an easy issue to deal with for mangers, people who cause harassment and most of all for people who suffer from hostile behavior. Background and causes of such conflicts are often implicit and not easy to resolve. Understanding the communication process and communication barriers is important to effectively control the problem. Leadership skills and appropriate use of power can be crucial.